Definition and Examples of Colligative Properties

Definition and Examples of Colligative Properties Colligative Properties Definition Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles in a volume of solvent  (the concentration) and not on the mass  or identity of the solute particles. Colligative properties are also affected by temperature. Calculation of the properties only works perfectly for ideal solutions. In practice, this means the equations for colligative properties should only be applied to dilute real solutions when a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in a volatile liquid solvent. For any given solute to solvent mass ratio, any colligative property is inversely proportional to the molar mass of the solute. The word colligative comes from the Latin word colligatus, which means bound together, referring to how the properties of a solvent are bound to the concentration of solute in a solution. How Colligative Properties Work When a solute is added to a solvent to make a solution, the dissolved particles displace some of the solvent in the liquid phase. This reduces the concentration of the solvent per unit of volume. In a dilute solution, it doesnt matter what the particles are, just how many of them are present. So, for example, dissolving CaCl2 completely would yield three particles (one calcium ion and two chloride ions), while dissolving NaCl would only produce two particles (a sodium ion and a chloride ion). The calcium chloride would have a greater effect on colligative properties than the table salt. This is why calcium chloride is a more effective de-icing agent at lower temperatures than ordinary salt. What Are the Colligative Properties? Examples of colligative properties include  vapor pressure  lowering, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and boiling point elevation. For example, adding a pinch of salt to a cup of water makes the water freeze at a lower temperature than it normally would, boil at a higher temperature, have a lower vapor pressure, and changes its osmotic pressure. While colligative properties are generally considered for nonvolatile solutes, the effect also applies to volatile solutes (although it may be harder to calculate). For example, adding alcohol (a volatile liquid) to water lowers the freezing point below that ordinarily seen for either pure alcohol or pure water. This is why alcoholic beverages tend not to freeze in a home freezer. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Equations Freezing point depression may be calculated from the equation: ΔT iKfmwhereΔT Change in temperature in  °Ci van t Hoff factorKf   molal freezing point depression  constant or cryoscopic constant in  °C kg/molm molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent Boiling point elevation may be calculated from the equation: ΔT Kbm whereKb   ebullioscopic constant (0.52 °C kg/mol for water)m molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent Ostwalds Three Categories of Solute Properties Wilhelm Ostwald introduced the concept of colligative properties in 1891. He actually proposed three categories of solute properties: Colligative properties depend only on solute concentration and temperature, not on the nature of the solute particles.Constitutional properties depend on the molecular structure of the solute particles in a solution.Additive properties are the sum of all the properties of the particles. Additive properties are dependent on the molecular formula of the solute. An example of an additive property is mass.

A New Way to Understand the Holocaust essays

A New Way to Understand the Holocaust essays The Holocaust is often expressed as an event that cannot be appropriately described in any language known to the human race. Art Spiegelmans Maus and Maus II tries to overcome this perplexing language barrier by presenting the story of the authors father, a Jewish man who survived the Final Solution, in the format of a graphic novel. Spiegelmans illustrations and dialogue storyline help to capture both his fathers distressing story as well as the personal difficulties he experienced himself as a second generation survivor, so to speak, giving readers a new way to try to understand this dark moment in history. A relatively new medium when the Maus books were first created, the graphic novel has the power to attract a diverse audience. In his books, Spiegelman is telling the story of his father, Vladek, and how his life was affected during the Holocaust. Artie, as his father calls him, gets his father to tell him the story over many visits, and includes in the plot his own feelings about the visits. The drawings follow the plot from the present setting in which his father is actually relating the story to him with lengthy flashbacks to the time during which the events actually took place. The first book is entitled My Father Bleeds History, and relates his fathers life from the mid 1930s to the winter of 1944. And Here my Troubles Began is the second book, which picks up where the first one left off, following Vladeks story through the end of the Holocaust while in the present, his health is failing and by the end of the book, he has passed away. Spiegelmans drawings give readers a new way to realize the events that happened during this historical stain. One way in which the drawings aid in creating a memorable understanding of the Holocaust is the metaphoric way in which the characters of both books are drawn. Jewish people are drawn as mice, hence the title Maus, while the...

Does the Law Protect the Weak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does the Law Protect the Weak - Essay Example The government passes laws that only support the big businesses whereas oppressing small startups. The government also holds people hostage just because of their color or status even without breaking the law of for minor offenses. We also have the American Gulag. The Gulag is believed to hold the highest number of hostages in the entire world. It comprises the natives and the non-natives mostly. Young black men are also said to be at a higher risk of being detained in here as compared to any other group. The gulag "depicts a life of torture, beating and suffering for the people inside this prison" (Dow, 2004). Some of them are not released when they finish their jail term. They are, therefore, forced to remain in prison. Others die or are hanged in there without the mention of it to either their country of origin or their folks. The law has not been able to stand and protect detainees in the gulag prison. It, therefore, means that justice is not exercised equally. The state government is also believed to offer the highest number of scholarships to foreigners eyeing to study in top universities. Since most of them come from a poor background, they are sponsored in every way by the State government. However, there has been some murder cases among these foreign groups. They are then probably dumped in a river or disappear mysteriously. Others are injected lethal drugs and succumb to immediate death. The same is also familiar to visitors. Justice is not done in most such cases. Even their home government or relatives are not informed. Even though the United States claims to be a land of the free, discrimination is still prevalent. It has also evolved over the years from direct discrimination to indirect discrimination. Some people are served faster than others because they "belong". Others believe that they are more superior or more intelligent to other races. They can even say it forthright to the other. The law should protect its citizens whether whites